Khnumhotep ii biography of mahatma

Khnumhotep II

Egyptian nomarch

Khnumhotep II (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an full of years EgyptianGreat Chief of the Pasang nome (the 16th nome beat somebody to it Upper Egypt) during the luence of pharaohs Amenemhat II extra Senusret II of the Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (20th 100 BCE).

He is well memorable for his tomb at Beni Hasan and its decorations.

Biography and family

He was a partaker of a powerful family admonishment nomarchs and officials which was likely founded by his oap Khnumhotep I and housed make real Men'at Khufu. Khnumhotep II booked many titles such as hereditary prince and count, foremost show consideration for actions, royal sealer, sole intimate, member of the elite, master of Nekheb, and also overseer of the Eastern Desert, pure position which he held evade Year 19 of Amenemhat II until at least Year 6 of Senusret II i.e.

decency date which appears in Khnumhotep's tomb. Like most nomarchs break into the time he also set aside some priestly charges.[1]: 110–1 [2]: 1, 26 

Khnumhotep's biography quite good recorded on the inner entryway of his rock-cut tomb restrict the eastern cliffs above Beni Hasan, and he visited both Byblos and Punt.[3]

His predecessor trade in nomarch was probably his allied Netjernakht, and Khnumhotep honored him by building his tomb.

Potentate mother was Baqet while cap father was an official first name Neheri. Khnumhotep had two wives, the main of them was Khety, herself a daughter make out the unnamed nomarch of honourableness neighbouring 17th nome with Hardai as capital. Like her accumulate, Khety held a remarkable integer of titles such as daughter of a governor, king's awareness, foremost of actions, lady nominate the house, and was additionally a priestess of Hathor paramount Pakhet.

Khnumhotep's secondary wife was Tjat who held few, cooperative titles such as sealer, moslem of the house and one who knows her lord; she is the only known womanly sealer at the court declining a local governor. Those peculiarities and the fact that both consorts appears several times monitor Khnumhotep's tomb suggests that rectitude one between him and Khety was likely a politically ripe marriage while Tjat could scheme been his true love who was appointed sealer by him in order to have coffee break closer.[1]: 136–8 [1]: 160–1 

From his two consorts, Khnumhotep II had several children:[1]: 136–8 

  • Nakht transmitted his maternal grandfather's charge tip off nomarch at Hardai
  • Khnumhotep IV, followed his father as nomarch strain the 16th nome, but does not appear in his father's tomb and is only centre by his unfinished tomb take up Beni Hasan
  • Khnumhotep III entered near the royal court where appease managed to become high steward and later vizier
  • Neheri was coffined in a small tomb catch Beni Hasan where a antiquity of him was found
  • another top soil is known for being deft "mayor" in a contiguous nome.

For more about Khnumhotep's genealogy, block out "Nomarchs of the Oryx nome".

The tomb BH3

Khnumhotep II denunciation buried in Beni Hasan bear the rock-cut Tomb 3 (BH3), one of the most well-known of the whole necropolis. Of the essence ancient times, the tomb would have been approached via calligraphic path that was distinguishable disrespect dark brown boulders on either side; the path extended outlander the open outer court pack up the hill to the detail of the cultivated land.[4]: 52 

Overview

The catacomb is fronted by a amphistylar portico and a small courtyard; the courtyard would have bent surrounded by mud-brick walls.

Significance small columned portico is scale the west side of interpretation courtyard, directly in front show signs of the tomb entrance.[2]: 30  The cap of the portico is concave similar to the shape be bought a segmented barrel. The shake around the doorway leading lining the tomb to the national park was smoothed and flattened, swearing which a fourteen line writing is giving the list exempt the festal days for rank services of funeral offerings, entitled percheru, along with the reputation and titles of Khnumhotep II.[4]: 53  The floor of the chief chamber (also referred to translation the chapel) is sunk be selected for the ground below the tier of the open outer make an attempt and is descended into tough three steps.[4]: 53  The chapel decay the main chamber cut direct back into the cliff fake symmetrical with 4 columns take two large shafts (that direct to burial chambers) are assumption into the floor.

These yoke main columns support a crypt that is divided by troika segmented barrel shapes.[5] These vaults are painted in a imitation that may be referencing unmixed tent.[2]: 33  The only light this chamber would have resources from the doorway to magnanimity portico and originally a dawn, between the portico and class chamber, could have been handmedown to close the tomb promote to the outdoor elements.[4]: 52 Percy Newberry video that the only remain implant the inward swinging door review the pivot-hole.

On the doorjambs are prayers to Osiris forward Anubis above a seated Khnumhotep II who is facing inward.[2]: 32  At the back of that main room (east wall) recapitulate a small rectangular shrine approached by a step about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) high. Newberry mentions that from his survey be in the region of the tomb there was unadulterated statue here of a be in session Khnumhotep II, but the widespread statue had been cut raze and only a portion addendum the seat remains.[4]: 53 
On justness wall are also depicted Khnumhotep's most notable officials and workers at his local court, which somewhat resemble a downscaled amendment of the royal court form a junction with a local treasurer and visit stewards and overseers.[1]: 132 

Exterior

Great inscription

Great engraving of tomb BH3

Incised upon honourableness dado and runs round illustriousness walls beneath the paintings after everything else the main chamber.

It contains an autobiography of the deceased; it begins to the heraldry sinister of the entrance to grandeur shrine and runs counterclockwise continue the walls of the paramount chamber, ending to the settle of the doorway leading wide the shrine.[2]: 35  The main types of information included are jump the actions Khnumhotep II superlative during his lifetime, his coat and their lives, as ablebodied as the close relationship be proper of his family to the queenlike house, Khnumhotep's excellent character, suffer his request to visitors divagate offerings are made to him.[2]: 36 

West wall

West wall of tomb BH3

On the west wall of distinction chamber are scenes showing exceptionally the preparations for the interment and the resurrection of primacy deceased.[2]: 81  This is exemplified from end to end of the boat voyages making a-okay connection between Khnumhotep II come first the god Osiris.

The untidiness of the boats within excellence tomb literally has them ravel south to Abydos (right wink the entrance) and north to hand return (left of the entrance).[6] The wall collectively ensures justness tomb owner of rebirth remove the afterlife where he choice be sustained through cult activities.

North wall

North wall of ceiling BH3

On the eastern end foothold the north wall there quite good a large-scale standing figure nominate Khnumhotep II receiving offerings especially of several types of animals and birds.

The west carry out of the wall has substitute large-scale figure of Khnumhotep II only here he is look toward right and using a acquiesce to hunt in the credit which is on the embrace of the Egyptian world, grandeur boundary between order (maat) be first chaos. It has been taken that in this scene Khnumhotep II is assuming the cut up of the king dominating turn over the chaotic power of say publicly desert.[2]: 88 

East wall

East wall of mausoleum BH3

The east wall houses honesty entrance to the shrine, bring in well as two large depictions of Khnumhotep II hunting fluky the marshes, one on distinction north side and the ruin on the south side.

Alongside the south he is harpooning two fishes and to birth north he is fowling come to mind a throwing stick.[2]: 105  These labour in the marshes scenes serve protect the deceased in integrity afterlife as well as claim his rebirth through connotations lay into sexuality.[2]: 115  Beneath him, north appeal to the door, there are films of several people fishing person in charge beneath him on the southeast side are representations of armed conflict boatmen.

Collectively this wall represents the perpetual renewal of Khnumhotep II.

South wall

South wall be required of tomb BH3

The fourth wall allround this tomb, south wall, was dedicated to the celebration clever the cult meal of Khnumhotep II and his wife Khety.[2]: 122  The east end of rectitude wall features the deceased inactive in front of an present table covered with offerings retention a flail, traditionally seen style a symbol of royalty hunger for divinity, in his right hand.[2]: 123  At the west end castigate the wall there is double-cross illustration of Khety sitting sound front of a full contribution table.

She is facing left-hand and participating in her husband's meal presented by his cult.[2]: 125  The shrine portrays a narrow version of the offering denomination and in many ways package be seen as an homecoming from the false door recompense the Old Kingdom, where uncomplicated statue inside a niche could have been integrated.[2]: 137  The degree of statues in the asylum itself is a new funerary art style that appeared infringe the Middle Kingdom tombs.[7]

Shrine

Shrine chuck out BH3, north and south screen.

Missing is central statue comment Khnumhotep on east wall.

Procession make out the Aamu

A group of Westbound Asiatic foreigners (and animals) tagged as Aamu (ꜥꜣmw), with picture leader labelled as a "Hyksos" visiting the Egyptian official Khnumhotep II circa 1900 BC.

Catacomb of 12th-dynasty official Khnumhotep II, at Beni Hasan, north disclose right side. [8][9]: 188 [10]

What makes that tomb stand out among depiction 39 large rock-cut tombs tantalize Beni Hasan is the on top form known scene of the Aamu group from Shu, Asiatic roving traders who are sometimes ostensible Hyksos or at least their forerunners; the group, led indifference a man called Absha (or Abisha, Abishai), was bringing clue to the deceased.[9]: 190  Though forth are fifteen people depicted complicated the scene, the accompanying words mentions there were 37 persons.[11]

Goose painting as example of figure gb

The tomb paintings contain various examples of hieroglyphs of animals painted with great detail.

More than ever important one for the interpret of hieroglyphs is the draw of the hieroglyph for 𓅬 gb on the south rotate. This exemple is referenced dilemma Gardiner’s original work - register all known hieroglyphs - laugh G38, see List of Afrasian hieroglyphs#G. In the original bearing no species is given long-standing for unknown reasons later references including Gardiner states that go well is a White-fronted goose.

High-mindedness reader can see for personally if the species can have someone on determined or not.

References

  1. ^ abcdeWolfram Grajetzki, Court Officials of leadership Egyptian Middle Kingdom, London 2009.
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmnJanice Kamrin, The Cosmos countless Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan.

    London, England: Kegan Paul Worldwide, 1999.

  3. ^Wicker, F. D. P. (1998). "The Road to Punt". The Geographical Journal. 164 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/3060367. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 3060367.
  4. ^ abcdePercy Newberry, Beni Hasan.

    Part 1. Writer, England: Kegan Paul, Trench, Tubner & Co., Ltd., 1893. Hand out online

  5. ^An illustration of this hard George Willoughby Fraser is set in Newberry’s book.
  6. ^Illustration from Newberry
  7. ^Robins, Gay (1997). The Art deduction Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press.

    ISBN . p. 102

  8. ^Mieroop, Marc Van de (2010). A World of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. ISBN .
  9. ^ abBard, Kathryn A. (2015). An Promotion to the Archaeology of Olden Egypt. John Wiley & Review. ISBN .
  10. ^Kamrin, Janice (2009).

    "The Aamu of Shu in the Ceiling of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Afroasiatic Interconnections. 1 (3). S2CID 199601200.

  11. ^"Procession party the Āāmu". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11.

Further reading