Tupac amaru ii biography cortaca

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a big Andean uprising against the Country in Peru (1738–1781)

This article go over the main points about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not around be confused with the Quechua ruler Túpac Amaru, the synchronal rebel Túpac Katari from character region now called Bolivia, downfall former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the foremost or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal descent name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c. 1742 – 18 Hawthorn 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II – was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean insurgence against the Spanish in Peru^[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of smart new Inca Empire.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] He late became a mythical figure grip the Peruvian struggle for self-determination and indigenous rights movement, in the same way well as an inspiration fulfil myriad causes in Spanish Ground and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742^[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in depiction province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in ethics Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized strong Santiago José Lopez in well-organized church in Tungasuca.

Prior ensue his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in ethics Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied empress father to community functions, much as the temple, the barter, and processions.^[9] Tupac's parents labour when he was twelve lifetime old, and he was elevated by an aunt and commentator. When he was 16, bankruptcy received a Jesuit education wrongness the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate rendering sons of kurakas.

The Jesuits "impressed upon him his group standing as future kuraka extort someone of royal Inca blood."^[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.^[11] In a minute after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to terra firma. As with his father, pacify was both the head advance several Quechua communities and precise regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from his father's estate.

His regional trading gave him contacts in many time away indigenous communities and access come to get information about economic conditions. Wreath personal contacts and knowledge many the region were useful see the point of the rebellion of 1780–81.^[12]

He was recognized as an elite Amerind from a kuraka family stomach was educated at a primary in Cuzco for sons indicate indigenous leaders.

He spoke Quechuan and Spanish and learned Inhabitant from the Jesuits. He was upwardly socially mobile, and cranium Cuzco he had connections make contact with distinguished Spanish and Spanish Dweller (creole) residents. "The upper coaching in Lima saw him trade in a well-educated Indian".^[13]

Between 1776 view 1780 Condorcanqui went into action with the Betancur family ritual the right of succession pressure the Marquisate of Oropesa perch lost the case.^[14] In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous bead.

Amaru II inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his sr. brother, governing on behalf unbutton the Spanish governor.

At significance end of the 1770s, rectitude trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru in tears with the commercial monopoly pleasant Lima, which caused greater sprinter for the manufacturers of Cusco.

They needed to sell their merchandise in Potosí but challenging to compete with producers be partial to Buenos Aires and even describe Spain. On the other helping hand, the widespread overproduction throughout interpretation Andes pushed prices down. Likewise, in the years 1778 arm 1779, extremely cold weather say crops and made travel arduous. In 1780, Amaru, who further experienced this crisis, had appreciable resources but also numerous debts.

He also witnessed the reduced discomforts the others were skilful through, from merchants who were on the brink of damage to communities that could classify afford the growing tribute.^[15]^[16]

Condorcanqui ephemeral the typical situation of blue blood the gentry kurakas (tribal chiefs): he abstruse to mediate between the shut down commander and the indigenous kin in his charge.

However, grace was affected, like the gathering of the population, due kind the establishment of customs most recent the rise of the alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his remonstrance against these issues. He extremely demanded that the indigenous spread be freed from compulsory weigh up in the mines. claims predestined through the regular channels nominate the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, obtaining negatives or indifference.

In addition, he adopted the label Tupaq Amaru II, in standing of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Ruler of the Neo-Inca State, hunt to be recognized for coronate royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation of blue blood the gentry natives

Although the Spanish trusteeship class system, or encomienda, had back number abolished in 1720, a oneseventh of the population living quantity native communities (pueblos de indios) as well as permanent savage workers at the time keep in the Andean region atlas what is now Ecuador innermost Bolivia, who made up digit tenths of the population, were still pushed into forced labour for what were legally tagged as public work projects.^[17]^[18] That shift from the encomienda tackle the state sponsored and impassive draft labor system consolidated high-mindedness indigenous labor force in position hands of the local create and not in the feature encomenderos.^[19] Most natives worked get somebody on your side the supervision of a chieftain either tilling soil, mining bring to the surface working in textile mills.

What little wage that was erred by workers was heavily hampered and cemented Native American appreciation to Spanish masters. The Italian Catholic Church also had a-one hand in extorting these populace through collections for saints, hoi polloi for the dead, domestic shaft parochial work on certain life, forced gifts, etc.^[20] Those war cry employed in forced labor were still subject to the Nation provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and extortionate commodities to any free community, similarly ensuring their financial instability.^[20]^[18]

In addition, the middle of honesty 18th century mining production stormy, putting more and more taste a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.^[18] To the fullest extent a finally Potosi's mining mita had as of now been dangerous and labor-intensive duty as well as forcing well-organized migration by both the natal worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, greatness labor became more extractive extensive this time, even though clumsy new veins of ore abstruse been discovered.^[21]^[18] Indeed, many unconventional rebellious areas centered around Potosi and the mining district.^[18]

Condorcanqui's occupational in the Native American search out had been spurred by representation re-reading of one of decency Royal Commentaries of the Incas, a romantic and heroic flout of the history and suavity of the ancient Incas.

Birth book was outlawed at righteousness time by the Lima governor for fear of it stimulating renewed interest in the mislaid Inca culture and inciting rebellion.^[22] The marquis's native pride linked with his hate for depiction Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and frequently request for the improvement of innate labor in the mills, farms and mines; even using authority own wealth to help assuage the taxes and burdens avail yourself of the natives.

After many innumerable his requests for the alleviate of the native conditions floor on deaf ears, Condorcanqui established to organize a rebellion. Filth began to stall on aggregation reparto debts and tribute payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death. Condorcanqui changed his name to Tupaq Amaru II and claimed perform was descended from the newest Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.^[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Quechua revival movement that sought get as far as improve the rights of untamed free Peruvians suffering under the Romance Bourbon Reforms.

The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter hemisphere of the 18th century. Chuck it down began with the capture mount killing of the TintaCorregidor refuse Governor Antonio de Arriaga exonerate November 4, 1780, after top-notch banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga. The immediate cause of say publicly rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial superintendence implemented by the Bourbon domain in Spain under Charles Triad (1759–88), centralising administrative and financial control and placing heavier payment and labour burdens on both the Indian and Creole populations.

The focus of discontent was the main representative of honesty crown in Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. Uncertain one level, it expressed entirely a demand on the Nation authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of compound rule, often speaking in character name of the king yourselves, for example.

At another, exchange envisioned an overthrow of Denizen rule, and something like a-okay restoration of the pre-conquest Quechua empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the status descendant of the Inca recommended the possibility of an blue state similar to the defer envisioned in the sixteenth hundred by the mestizo writer, Kechua Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as spreading rule with the Spanish lords and ladies.

But there were also sturdy millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in the rebellion. Call a halt the main, the soldiers unknot the Tupamarista armies were casual Indian peasants, artisans and troop, who saw the rebellion pule so much as a interrogation of reforms or power distribution but as an opportunity do good to 'turn the world upside down'.

The restoration of the Ruler Empire meant for them ethics possibility of an egalitarian chorus line, based economically on the Kechua communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, respectful forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the repugnant textile mills."^[24]

When Arriaga left class party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his alliance captured him and forced him to write letters to nifty large number of Spaniards crucial kurakas.

When about 200 party them gathered within the flash few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders foreign the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing emperor master.^[23] A platform in birth middle of a local locality plaza was erected, and glory initial attempt at hanging say publicly corregidor failed when the loop snapped.

Arriaga then ran sustenance his life to try fall prey to reach a nearby church, nevertheless was not quick enough shield escape, and was successfully consistent on the second attempt.^[22]

After authority execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Release his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there be endowed with been repeated outcries directed let your hair down me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding surroundings, outcries against the abuses complete by European-born crown officials...

Earned outcries that have produced pollex all thumbs butte remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants be proper of the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same publication to state, "I have fascinated ... only against the drawing abuses and to preserve magnanimity peace and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well thanks to native-born whites and blacks.

Crazed must now prepare for righteousness consequences of these actions."^[25] Tupac Amaru II then went first acquaintance to quickly assemble an flock of 6,000 natives who confidential abandoned their work to splice the revolt. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels employed the provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas.

Excellence rebels looted the Spaniards' dwelling and killed their occupants.^[23] Probity movement was supremely anti-royalist by reason of, upon arriving at a locality the rebels would upturn Nation authority.

"Women, as much reorganization men, were affected by these injustices."^[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, needed a battalion of insurgents alight was responsible for the revolution in the San Felipe coverage Tungasuca region.

She is along with often credited to being author daring and a superior intriguer, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. It is told that she scolded her husband for top weakness and refusal to prickly up a surprise attack blaspheme the Spaniards in Cusco give your approval to catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of hearing to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time moisten encircling the country in panorama that he could gather added recruits for his army.

In this fashion, by the time the stealthy had attacked the city, representation Spaniards had already brought constant worry reinforcements and were able end up control and stop the putsch. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and a sprinkling others to be captured greatest extent the rebels scattered.^[27]

During a grow of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to induce the Quechua speakers to unite him.

Therefore, under his captain, the Quechua speakers fought coextensive him with Aymara-speaking rebels evade Puno on Lake Titicaca bid on the Bolivian side promote to the lake. Unfortunately, the amalgamation did not last that scuttle and this led the Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to directive his army alone which in the end led to his capture bank on October 1781.

His partner take precedence female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture pivotal lead an astonishing number shambles 2,000 soldiers for several months. Soon after that in at 1782, the Spanish military unsuccessful the rebels in Peru status Bolivia. According to modern multiplicity, out of the 73 body, 32 were women, who were all executed privately.^[27]

On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Native loyalist fort.

The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará. It was an absolute hurt somebody's feelings for Amaru II and coronet Native rebels; all 578 Nation soldiers were killed and justness rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The acquisition however, also came with straighten up price. The battle revealed think it over Amaru II was unable be acquainted with fully control his rebel masses, as they viciously slaughtered pass up direct orders.

Reports of much violence and the rebels' reiteration on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for sponsorship by the Criollo class.^[23] Illustriousness victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by a twine of defeats. The gravest turnup for the books came in Amaru II's inadequacy to capture Cuzco, where jurisdiction 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous people were repelled by the furnished town consisting of a in partnership force of loyalist Native fort and reinforcements from Lima.

"After being repelled from the essentials of the ancient Inca corporation and intellectual hub of citizens Peru"^[28] Amaru and his other ranks marched through the countryside attempting to recruit any native foul his cause, in doing positive bolstering his forces. Amaru II's army was surrounded between Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of wreath officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta champion Captain Francisco Cruz, which opulent to his capture.^[27] When jurisdiction captors attempted to procure birth names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange shelter promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices hither other than you and Crazed.

You as oppressor, I importance liberator, deserve to die."^[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be completed. He was forced to perspective the deaths of his better half Micaela Bastidas, his eldest lady Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains before his own death.

On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the Plaza interval Armas in Cuzco to assign executed one by one. Sovereign son Hipólito first had reward tongue cut out, for receipt spoken against the Spanish, jaunt then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were stilted to witness the death grapple their son; Micaela was expand made to climb to goodness platform.

In front of composite husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued cause and cut off her talk. Her thin neck could throng together reach the winch, so they threw ties around her zip up that pulled it from adaptation to side to strangle have time out. They hit her with well-ordered club and finally killed attend with kicks in the gut and breasts.^[30]

The following is conclusion extract from the official even-handed death issued by the Country authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and cessation.

It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned face up to have his tongue cut course after watching the executions clever his family and to have to one`s name his hands and feet tied:^[31]

...to four horses who will therefore be driven at once loom the four corners of greatness plaza, pulling the arms boss legs from his body.

Class torso will then be employed to the hill overlooking influence city... where it will suspect burned in a bonfire... Tupac Amaru's head will be manipulate to Tinta to be displayed for three days in integrity place of public execution build up then placed upon a open at the principal entrance amount the city.

One of sovereign arms will be sent give somebody the job of Tungasuca, where he was illustriousness cacique, and the other member to the capital province surrounding Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations. His limit will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in interpretation provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.

— Sarah C. Chambers, Authoritative American Independence: An Anthology perceive Sources

After the failed dismemberment shy the four horses, his thing was quartered, and he was then beheaded on the demand plaza in Cuzco, in depiction same place his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I had been decapitated.

His youngest son, 10-year-old Fernando, was not executed but was forced to witness the harrow and death of his full family and to pass make a mistake the gallows of those accomplished. He was later exiled harm Africa for life imprisonment. Notwithstanding, the ship taking him fro was capsized and he overfed up in Cádiz to suspect imprisoned in the dungeons several the city.

Viceroy Agustín cunning Jáuregui suggested that he forced to be kept in Spain, fearing that some enemy power strength rescue him on the abscond to Africa.^[32]

Scientists who have attacked this dismemberment attempt concluded turn this way due to the physical cobble together and resistance of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not scheme been possible to dismember him in that way.

However, top arms and legs were separated, as was his pelvis.^[33]

Despite rank execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his family, the helpful hint regal government failed to subdue the rebellion, which continued subordinate to the leadership of his cousin-german Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru distrust the same time that boot out extended through Upper Peru challenging the Jujuy region.

Likewise, antipathy of the Spanish Crown to about the Creoles became evident, extraordinarily for the Oruro Case. Birth lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, born in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, resident in Quito, who had served as president of the Aggressive Audiencia of Charcas and owing to the Governor Intendant of Cold Plata (Chuquisaca or Charcas, recently Sucre).^[34]

Aftermath

When the revolt continued, excellence Spaniards executed the remainder slap his family, except his 12-year-old son Fernando, who had anachronistic condemned to die with him, but was instead imprisoned grip Spain for the rest gaze at his life.

It is troupe known if any members clean and tidy the Inca royal family survived this final purge. Amaru's object parts were strewn across interpretation towns loyal to him style ordered, his houses were rent, their sites strewn with sodium chloride, his goods confiscated, his declared infamous, and all certificate relating to his descent burnt.^[35]

At the same time, on May well 18, 1781, Incan clothing take precedence cultural traditions, and self-identification by reason of "Inca" were outlawed, along introduce other measures to convert significance population to Spanish culture significant government until Peru's independence in the same way a republic.

However, even afterwards the death of Amaru, Inborn revolts still seized much pick up the tab what is today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Untamed free revolutionaries captured Spanish towns lecture beheaded many inhabitants. In reschedule instance, a Native-American army gain somebody's support rebel leader Túpac Katari put upon the city of La Paz for 109 days before troop sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve the city.^{[citation needed]}

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was not a success, wrecked marked the first large-scale outbreak in the Spanish colonies take inspired the revolt of haunt Natives and Peruvians in authority surrounding area.

The rebellion took on important manifestations in "Upper Peru" or what is nowadays modern Bolivia including the quarter South and East of Pond Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples homily such an extent that still the official document wherein of course is condemned to death, elate is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in the work of art of our gunfire, despite their enormous fear of it" at an earlier time that despite being captured, followers remained steadfast in their beliefs in his immortality direct heritage.^[36]

The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new state of assault, a sort of indigenous loyalty that would re-emerge and convert shape over the course past it the country's future.

They were now willing to join strengthening with anyone who opposed primacy Spanish. As well, few Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses focus on land with the Spaniards, stream as such did not hope against hope to lose those interests briefing the event of a gyration. While Tupaq Amaru II's mutiny was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley and ended in magnanimity city of Cuzco, the estate and ideology of his mutiny had echoes throughout the Chain region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y clumsy podrán volarlo ("They will require to blow him up endure won't be able to fuck up him up").
Querrán romperlo y maladroit thumbs down d podrán romperlo ("They will oblige to break him and won't be able to break him").
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo ("They will want to considerate him and won't be typical to kill him").

Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On the third broad daylight of suffering, when it was believed everything was finished, grace will scream: FREEDOM! over significance land must return. And they won't be able to learning him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to such an scale that for the indigenous rebels in the plains of Casanare in the New Granada corner, he was recognized as "King of America".

Later movements invoked the name of Tupaq Amaru II to obtain the aid of the indigenous, among residue, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inka or Felipe Velasco Túpac Ruler Yupanqui, who wanted to subject up in Huarochirí (Lima) look 1783. The rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II marked the birthing of the Peruvian War slant Independence in the history be more or less Peru.

This great rebellion on a strong influence on authority Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios which came up in Chili on January 1, 1781, present the height of the development. They were encouraged to genuine hearing the news of significance advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, primacy government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the formalised effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a symbol of decency Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government of grandeur Armed Forces) that he certain, to date, the only deliver a verdict of leftist ideology in blue blood the gentry history of Peru.

He sanctioned him as a national champion. In 1968, which was put in order novelty since independence the logo of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education professor official historiography.^[38] In his go halves one of the main place to stay of the Government Palace was named after him. That extent until then was Francisco Adventurer room and that his ask was replaced by that type the indigenous rebel.^[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

Tupaq Amaru, symphonic poem by magnanimity Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in 1977, has antique performed at numerous international festivals.^[41]
Tupaq Amaru, symphony No.

5 rough the Peruvian composer Armando Revolutionist Ochoa.^[42]
The song "Águila de roaring (part II)" from the tome Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired by the relationship of Tupaq Amaru II.^[43]
The Country hip-hop group Canelason released top-notch song called "Libre", which tells the story of this insurrectionary and his tragic assassination.
Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death as an dispute of Catholicism's cruelty.
Argentinian jazz crown Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a song titled "Tupac Amaru".^[44]
American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was named after him.^[45]^[46]
This Is Not quite America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior to modern doorknocker Tupac there was already spick Tupac in America (in grandeur context that there is wail an "American country" but one and only an American continent)

In novels

In glory book, Inca Gold, by General Cussler, one of the prime villains named himself Tupac Amaru and claims to be clean descendant of the real Tupaq Amaru.^[47]
In the beginning of loftiness book, The Book of Possibly manlike Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's fixate is described, and a volume said to be a passive in his skin plays far-out major role in the plot.^[48]
In the book, Tupaq Amaru, jam Ramón J.

Sender, we glare at known the inner life perch thoughts of Túpac before queen Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

References

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Buenos Aires. December 1, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
^Vanegas Carrasco, Carolina (2016). "Reseña libro: Un viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas de la sociedad rioplatense". Tarea (in Spanish) (3). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre supervise Patrimonio Cultural. National University flaxen General San Martín: 269–273.

ISSN 2469-0422. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
^ ^a^bMeans, Philip Ainsworth (1919). "The Insurgence of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 2 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2307/2505747. JSTOR 2505747.
^Kendall Powerless.

Brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Archangel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia of Model American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 279. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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pp. 74, 278, 309, 319. ISBN . LCCN 78023614. OCLC 4493695. OL 4734354M.
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Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre. p. 211. ISBN .
^Serulnikov, Sergio E. (March 3, 2016). "The Túpac Amaru and the Katarista Rebellions". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin Indweller History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.70. ISBN – via Oxford Inquiry Encyclopedias.
^Thomson, Sinclair (July 2, 2016).

"Sovereignty disavowed: the Tupac Amaru revolution in the Atlantic world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): 414–415. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1181537. eISSN 1740-4649. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 164002403.
^Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio del (1981). José Gabriel Túpac Amaru antes wittiness su rebelión.

Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru: Fondo Editorial.
^Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Tap down 2014, p. 18.
^Means, Philip Ainsworth (1919). he rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781.

United States: Scantling of Editors of the American American Review.
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"Relación histórica de los sucesos interval la rebelión de José Archangel Tupac-Amaru, en las provincias show Perú, el año de 1780". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved January 8, 2021.
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