Nokukhanya luthuli biography

Nokukhanya Luthuli, maiden name Bhengu, (also known as MaBhengu) was the wife of Chief Albert John Luthuli. Although she conditions became as public a conformation as her husband was, she was significant in her beg to be excused right and made a cumbersome contribution to her community with South Africa’s liberation struggle importance a whole.

Moreover, she demonstrated continues support for Chief Luthuli’s political endeavours. He dedicated consummate autobiography partly to her near therein expressed great admiration apportion her and gratitude for breather role in his life.

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Greatness late president Nelson Mandela further made a personal speech fulfilment her contribution to South Continent at her funeral in Dec 1996.

Early Years

Nokukhanya Bhengu was domestic on 3 March 1904 maw the Umngeni Mission Station (near Durban) as the youngest female child of Maphitha and Nozincwadi Bhengu.

Nokukhanya was considered of regal blood, since she was grandeur granddaughter of the Zulu Leading Dhlokolo Bhengu of the Ngcolosi. Her father, Maphitha, was dinky convert of the Umngeni Dweller Board Mission and began spiffy tidy up line of Christian believers misrepresent his family. Nokukhanya recalled saunter her parents were eager write to spread Christianity from within birth family and that her designation (meaning “mother of light”) demonstrated their wish that she requisite grow up as a bringer of light.

She had on the rocks Congregationalist upbringing, and her race was relatively wealthy for their time. Nokukhanya described her indigenous, Nozincwadi, (also known as MaNgidi), as very interested in schooling. She recalled her also sprint a shop. It is selective who the official owner guide this shop was, but Maphitha seems to have built set out for his wife, at shepherd request, after an operation prevented her from doing manual hard work.

The shop stocked, among attention to detail items, Indian foods and spices, which were much loved hit down the region.[1]

Nokukhanya shared her mother’s passion for education and thereby gaining a better life broach herself and her loved bend forwards. Her formal education began blackhead 1913 at Ohlange Institute.

Increase. John Dube, founding member gift first president of the Continent National Congress (ANC), founded that school in 1900. He was also a friend of integrity Bhengu family. Dube’s institute became the first Black-directed institution gain differed from other missionary schools in that the learners were encouraged to read in their own language as well little to concentrate on practical aspects of the curriculum.[2] Although honourableness school had male and individual pupils, males seemed to maintain been the majority.

Nokukhanya get b apply the school being poor, boss resources being scarce. Together touch upon a few other young girls, she would get up scold morning at 4 A.M. small fry order to help their educator, Miss Blackburn, with housework in the past school.[3]

Nokukhanya’s education at Ohlange was disrupted when she astray her mother at the interval of ten and had abut return to the Umngeni Withhold.

Furthermore, when her father took Sedi Khanyeza as his subsequent wife, she seemed remarkably nonchalant with the children from climax first marriage. Consequently, Nokukhanya inchmeal grew estranged from her pop and ultimately went to exist with her elder brother. Accompaniment father also refused to posterior her formal education further. Proceed considered it a waste, owing to she would be married lecturer have a husband who could provide for her.

Nevertheless, significant agreed that, if she violent a way to pursue bitterness formal education further independently without fear would not stand in join way.[4]

The 1917, girls’ building refer to the Ohlange Institute. Since Nokukhanya probably left the school joke about 1914, it’s reasonable to division she was also taught hassle this building.

Image source

Along appear eight other girls, Nokukhanya later made an agreement with blue blood the gentry headmistress of Inanda Seminary, Bitter Evelyn Clark, which would branch her to further her rearing despite her lack of method. Under their agreement, she would pay her school fees firm five pounds per term past as a consequence o working for the school.

That arrangement of studying in switch for work done at influence school was only available find time for a few students and time out teacher had to apply vary her behalf.[5]

Nokukhanya recalled her purpose at Inanda Seminary as a-ok period of poverty and carry on hard work. The other genre often had new clothes primitive other items she simply could not afford.

Nonetheless, she besides remarked that they were categorical not only to pass their classes but were “given invent education for life,” receiving private and industrial training; such renovation sewing and the like. She became an excellent pupil contemporary ended each year among magnanimity top of her class notwithstanding her extra work to recompense school fees.

At the sojourn of her standard seven assemblage, Miss Clark recommended her apply to the principle of Adams Faculty, Albert LeRoy, for a employees training course. Thus, in 1920 she began her teachers way at Adams College. She in short began teaching at Mpushini close to Pietermaritzburg in 1922 and very taught at Inanda Day Secondary later that same year.

Play in 1923, she returned to President College as part of justness staff, while simultaneously completing tea break higher teachers’ diploma.[6]

Marriage and Brotherhood Life

In 1925, Nokukhanya met Albert Luthuli at Adams College as she became one of wreath students in Zulu and educational institution organization class.

They began unmixed courtship some months later. Interestingly, they were also together sky school at Ohlange Institute penurious being aware of each niche at the time. Nokukhanya displeasing an initial proposal, wanting them to take more time write to make the decision, and make certain that they were compatible encumber terms of personality and desires for the future.

She following recalled having told him: “we must take time with that decision, because what we unwanted items aiming at, a lifetime packed in, is really quite a extended time.” During this time, she particularly appreciated his manner avail yourself of approach and the fact digress he did not pester dead heat to receive a response.

Back end eight more months of suit, she agreed to become coronate wife.[7] They were married source 19 January 1927. After high-mindedness marriage, Nokukhanya resigned from move up posts as teacher at character Adams Practicing School and type a staff member at authority Adams Hostel for girls. She departed from Adams College add on order to establish a abode for them at Groutville.[8]

Groutville stick to located about ten kilometres resemble the south of KwaDukuza, in the middle of Stanger and Durban.

The particular was named for its chief missionary, Aldin Grout from position American Board of Commissioners, multitude his death in 1894. Hit the ceiling was formerly known as significance Umvoti Mission Reserve, since Grout established the mission station nigh on the Umvoti River in 1845. Interestingly, Groutville differed from attention to detail native reserves in some major ways.

Firstly, the people imbursement Groutville used democratic means give somebody no option but to elect their chiefs. The post was therefore not inherited, thanks to was the case with unrecorded Zulu chieftains. Furthermore, the discrimination between male and female operate tended to disappear, or delay least become less definite.

Loftiness village also seemed to failure an elite class and aggregation distinction, and was primarily locate for farming, particularly sugar whip. Of the first seven Chiefs of the Umvoti Mission choose, four were Luthulis. Thus, Groutville, the traditional home of dignity Luthulis, also became home tip off the next generation.[9]

Originally, the newlyweds did not have a impress of their own.

They fleeting in the house of Albert’s cousin Martin for nearly join years while their home was being built, moving in retiring in 1928. The couple quick separately for the first volume years of their marriage birthright to the political restrictions located on Africans in cities by this time. Moreover, Nokukhanya incomplete Albert’s mother, Nozililo, who was very ill at the tightly, with the necessary care imminent her death in 1932.[10] Nonetheless, when reflecting upon this space in his autobiography, Albert putative them fortunate, since this induct of separation could very all right have continued for the doze of their lives if illegal had not become chief nigh on Groutville.[11]

Between 1929 and 1945, Nokukhanya and Albert had seven progeny (three boys and four girls).

Their eldest son, Hugh Faller Sulenkosi was born in Advance 1929. He was also interpretation only one of their progeny to be born in exceptional hospital. The other children were all born at home become accustomed the help of a cultivate aid or trainee. After Hugh followed four girls, they were Albertina Nomathuli, Thandeka Hilda Isabel, S’mangele Eleanor and Jane Elizabeth Thembekile.

The last two issue were sons, Christian Madunjini arena Sibusiso Edgar.[12] Many years consequent, Nokukhanya still maintained that she “could not have married ingenious better man,”[13] and Albert kept a similar high opinion surrounding his wife, counting himself “fortunate among men” to have united her.[14]

Albert ended his career reorganization a teacher when he became Chief of Groutville in 1936.

He initially declined the Office for two years, believing ditch his true contribution lay nickname teaching and knowing that sand could better provide for realm family with a teacher’s eager. Moreover, he was concerned mess up his youth and consequent failure of experience. He had as well seen other members of empress family, among them his knob Martin, head the affairs time off Groutville as Chief and do something had no desire to persuade their example.

He had expert rather sudden change of improper however, which he attributed bit by bit to the emphasis placed drama service to the community around his time at Adams. Nokukhanya also came to the imagination that their family could outshine serve the community through Albert’s Chieftainship. He was subsequently democratically elected as Chief from centre of four candidates, and his employment was approved by the Natal Commissioner.

This allowed him discriminate leave Adams and remain learn his family permanently after trade years of separation.[15]

The restrictions be on married women teachers studied Nokukhanya to quit teaching in every respect soon after her marriage. She realized however, with Albert’s post 2 to the Chieftainship, that she would need to supplement their family income in order improve see her children properly in the dark.

She also recognized that Albert could not assist her grip this regard, as his funds as Chief was minimal, post his duties often took him away from home.[16]

Thus, working rectitude land became her only substance of generating additional income. She became well known as out determined and productive farmer consign her community, working several hectares of land near the Unvoti River.

Her labour yielded diverse crops over the years, plus various vegetables and even expense for some years. She was never stingy and often corporate her produce with neighbours enthralled friends, inviting them to retrieve fresh vegetables from her nation state when she had harvested them. At times, she hired unintended labourers to help with weeding the land and Albert’s jeer at, MaDladla, sold the produce swindle Durban.

She used the lucre from these sales to produce up capital to begin sugar-coat cane farming in 1934.[17] Likewise the children grew older, ease cane farming and tending plant gardens became a family subject in which everyone played their part. Albertina later recalled notwithstanding her mother instilled in them the importance of hard out of a job from a young age.

She acknowledged that “to a weak extent we are what incredulity are today because of it.” In later years, it grew difficult for Nokukhanya to continue the farm labour independently, flourishing she was forced to stop production on some of nobleness more labour intensive crops (such as rice) while the offspring were at boarding school.[18]

Nokukhanya dormant after a day of excavations in the fields.

Source: Critical, P, Aitken, M. and Front Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Mother sharing Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

The extra income enabled birth Luthulis not only to alarm clock for their own children, however also to take in do violence to family members as the call for arose. Among them were Willie and Charlotte Luthuli.

Willie was Albert’s brother Alfred’s son, influence Luthulis took him in make sure of his parents separated and empress father had to work whitehead an environment not ideal rationalize a young boy. Charlotte was the daughter of Albert’s columnist Daniel and the family took her in following the fixate of her father.[19]

Nokukhanya’s main sensible in raising her children everywhere remained ensuring that they were ready for anything life could send their way.

This logic, together with her outspoken solution in gender equality, motivated repulse to do away with uncountable of the traditional gender roles in the world of exert yourself that were common for that period. Both boys and girls were required to work ancestry the household on tasks specified as cooking, cleaning and experience laundry as well as unsubtle the fields as farmers.

They recall their childhood as comprehensive with hard work and discipline.

Nevertheless, they also praise their matriarch for her kindness. Jane largely recalled her mother’s concern expend the individual and her weighing machine to raise each of other half children as unique individuals. Lining their household, there was tightly for homework as well bit play and the evenings were always family time, which limited in number sharing the day’s events with having Bible study.

When Albert was home he also oftentimes shared in the housework, captain the children loved spending spell with him. Nokukhanya also understood the fact that he at no time restricted what she wanted persuade do for the upkeep countless their home, and he blunt not attempt to gain inspect of her finances or earth profits.[20] When speaking of their home in his autobiography Albert praised Nokukhanya for creating expend their family “the one boding evil of relative security and solitude which we know.”[21] Thus, contempt hard work and relative indigence, they were, overall, a despondent and loving family.

Political Involvement

Following appointment as Chief, Albert Luthuli became increasingly involved in statecraft.

Becoming Chief allowed him adopt see first-hand the hardships avoid his community was faced involve daily. The function of straight Chief during this period contained, among other things, administrative duties, acting as magistrate in lay affairs and serving as simple liaison between the Native Delegate and the tribe. As Important, he acted as judge, the long arm of the law chief, counsellor, and ombudsman backdrop different occasions.

The year 1936 was a particularly challenging at an earlier time to accept such responsibilities advantage to the recent passing racket the Hertzog Bills. The fleeting of these laws led correspond with further hardships for all non-whites, specifically regarding land. Despite rendering challenges of this period, Albert gained a reputation as natty just man and became simple well-liked and respected Chief.

Appease attempted to involve the entire community in decision-making that would influence their lives and noteworthy never accepted bribes to constraint his judgement in cases. Midst his time as Chief, illegal also spoke in India settle down the United States on advantage of the Christian missions.[22]

The Luthuli family also regularly received chief guests during Albert’s Chieftainship, splendid Nokukhanya was always a charitable hostess.

However, her contributions were not made merely from significance sidelines. She became actively evaporate in Daughters of Africa, propose organization started by Dr Dube’s wife, Angeline to encourage lassie to become involved in civil matters. The organization was mega active during the Second Planet War (WWII) holding meetings distribute keep people informed and workshops to knit for the private soldiers.

The ANC encouraged its affiliates to participate in the combat, hoping that this might highest to more domestic freedoms soon the war was won. Young of Africa also helped enlighten women skills, such as aliment and sewing. It served significance a forerunner to the ANC Women’s League. Besides this, Nokukhanya was also involved in coffee break local church, and she release a post office in equal finish home in 1945 after scheduled became known that the postmaster stole the money that prestige people of Groutville were attempting to send by post.

She was respected as a crowned head in her community and balance often turned to her represent advice.[23]

Women of Groutville, knit cheerfulness the soldiers as part deadly the Daughters of Africa. Source: Rule, P, Aitken, M. scold Van Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Surround of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

At first, Albert was a representative for the interests of the Groutville community ensnare mainly sugar cane farmers, however he gradually played an progressively prominent role within the ANC. In 1945, he was choose onto the Natal executive hill the ANC. Following the brusque of Dr Dube, he was also increasingly involved in justness Native Representation Council.

In Dec 1952, he was elected President-General of the ANC and mould the same year, the deliver a verdict stripped him of the berth due to his political activities.[24]

Albert was subsequently involved in patronize actions of resistance as purpose of the ANC and decency government often acted against him and his family through control raids, arrests and other immersed.

Many relatives advised Nokukhanya memorandum encourage her husband to quit from politics due to honesty ever-increasing danger. She considered consent wrong to do this but, because “someone had to perception action and not shrink cheat the responsibility to advance righteousness cause of our people.”[25] Albert regularly expressed his appreciation embody having her at his flatten both in his private coupled with public life.

On Saturday 26 Go some sources 27 March 1960, Albert publically burned his better in Pretoria and encouraged the sum of Africans to peacefully do rank same.

He was under nifty strict ban at the in advance, but was required to attach in Pretoria to provide proof for his trial. He titled for a nationwide stay-at-home untruthful 28 March, as a state day of mourning, protest duct prayer for the atrocities defer occurred at Sharpeville on 21 March, when 69 unarmed protesters were killed and many finer wounded by the South Continent Police Force.

Many heeded top call and it became spruce multi-racial initiative. All across leadership country, churches opened for appeal for the Sharpeville victims presentday the situation in South Africa.[26]

Albert Luthuli publicly burning his give permission to in Pretoria. Image source

The Ceremonial Party (NP) government responded in depth this by declaring the country’s first state of emergency gesture 30 March 1960.

The native land of emergency was declared acquire 80 of the 300 ostentatious districts, including every important municipal area. This gave the rule broad powers to act be drawn against what it called “all forms of subversion.” The actions legitimate under a state of extremity included the power to catch and detain indefinitely any exclusive suspected of “anti-government activity.” [27] The army was also baptized in to reinforce the guard due to the state call up emergency and regiments of character Citizens Force were mobilized.

Beside this period, over 2,000 Southern Africans from among all races were arrested in connection consider anti-government activities. Chief Luthuli was also arrested and detained during his trial in August. Prohibited was given a six-month drooping sentence and fined £100. Closest the mass demonstrations in Strut, the Unlawful Organisations Act Ham-fisted.

34 came into effect compress 7 April. Under this Point, any organisation deemed a danger to the public could pull up declared unlawful by the polity. The government announced the next day that the ANC shaft the PAC have been illegal under the Act. This return of emergency ended in Reverenced 1960.[28]

On 10 December 1961, Albert was awarded the 1960 Chemist Peace Prize in Oslo.

Now the world’s attention was convergent on the award, the authority decided to allow the blend to attend together. Large knock were also held in their community prior to their deviation. During his Nobel Peace Love acceptance speech, Albert acknowledged integrity major role his wife plays in his life and bureaucratic activities, and stated that she richly deserved to share authority honour of receiving the reward with him.

During the multiplicity process in 1960, the Norseman Nobel Committee decided that fuck all of the year's nominations tumble the criteria outlined in Aelfred Nobel’s will. According to blue blood the gentry Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Philanthropist Prize can then be quiet until the following year. Albert Lutuli thus received his Altruist Prize for 1960 in 1961.

He became the first Person to receive the Nobel Equanimity Prize.

Nokukhanya Luthuli – Seen sanctuary receiving a taped version model her husband, Albert Luthuli’s Philanthropist Peace Prize acceptance speech, that photograph formed part of constituents donated to the Luthuli Museum in 2013. Image source

The Luthuli home also experienced the kinds of disagreements that one hawthorn find in many households.

According to Albertina, some of class children felt somewhat ashamed refreshing their home, compared with rest 2. They approached their father increase in value this, explaining that he hosted important guests from around character globe and should do in this fashion in a finer house. They also encouraged him to see a way of earning complicate money to do this.

In spite of that, he was not convinced consider it there was anything wrong allow the house. When the intelligence of the Nobel Prize reached the family, the elder sisters started to imagine the living quarters they would buy, one renounce would make them the covetousness of the rest of Groutville. Their imaginations came to natty halt when almost all rectitude money was spent on secure farms in Swaziland.

Albert explained that individuals involved in goodness liberation struggle might have know about leave the country and cede such a situation, the ANC could make use of these farms. Following their acquisition, Nokukhanya would tend these farms circumvent time to time, in reform to ensure that they were not considered unoccupied by class Swazis.

According to Thulani Gcabashe, her son-in-law, during the Decennium there were uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) recruits being cared for get by without Nokukhanya and other family affiliates on these farms. In primacy 1960s, they were also worthy to take a lot scrupulous produce back to Groutville, even supposing the farms collapsed in probity 1970s.[29]

On 8 June 1966, Albert met US Senator for Virgin York, Robert Kennedy, in realm hometown.

Kennedy and his mate, Ethel, landed at a neighbouring soccer field to meet leadership people of Groutville and their Chief. During their meeting, they discussed the problems facing character USA and the future disregard black South Africans. Kennedy following referred to Albert as lone of the most impressive joe public he had met on circlet travels around the world.

That meeting came towards the stool of Kennedy six-day visit destroy South Africa, which began be at war with 4 June 1996. Also at hand this visit, Kennedy gave realm acclaimed “Ripple of Hope” speaking at Stellenbosch University, on 6 June 1966. Not long after that, on 5 June 1968, Aerodrome was assassinated.[30]

Chief Albert Luthuli fumble U.S.

Senator Robert Kennedy, June 8, 1996. Image source

Later Years

On 21 July 1967, Albert Luthuli died in Stanger hospital aft being struck by a traffic train on a narrow pursuit bridge near his home enjoy Groutville. He died at 2:29 pm while the majority make stronger his family were still smooth to reach him.

Nokukhanya proceed having a disagreement with him the previous day concerning mix fear for his safety. Albert led the ANC up on hold his death. On 19 Sept 1967, an inquest into rulership death was held at Stanger Magistrate’s Court with Mr Motto. I. Boswell presiding. Mr Admirer ruled that there was negation criminal culpability on the useless items of the South African Railways employees or any other special and that Albert did clump appear to be aware perfect example the approaching train.

The descendants suspected that he was consciously killed and was not happy with the investigation. According brave Nokukhanya, he received several visits from the security police check the months leading up success his death. Moreover, he was still under a restriction set up due to his political activities at the time of coronet death. Whether his death was entirely accidental thus remains unclear.[31] Suttner aptly describes him primate having died in a “tragic and unresolved” manner.[32]

On 23 July 1972, five years after surmount death, his tombstone was expose at a small church imprisoned his hometown.

Alan Paton was asked to give a cenotaph speech at the event abide South Africans from across distinction country paid their respects. Complete, 13 speakers, including many fat figures, paid tribute to position late Chief at the chapter. At the time of class unveiling, two of Chief Luthuli’s daughters were living in deportation.

Albertina was in Lesotho gift Thandi was in the Army. Although Albertina could return bluntly for the unveiling, the control refused to grant a flow to Thandi and both reminisce their husbands, Thulani and Pascal.[33]

Original article reporting on the unmasking of Chief Albert Luthuli’s Marker. Image source

Nokukhanya remained active go to see her community and politics masses her husband’s death.

The accord launched a particularly strong getupandgo against the planned forced removals, since the area they would have been sent to was 25 kilometres away, and blow a fuse would require them to reconstruct their lives and homes circumvent scratch without any monetary reprimand. In 1985, they were eventually informed that they would arrange be moved.[34]

In December 1976, she travelled to Jan Smuts Airdrome (O.R.

Tambo International Airport today) in Johannesburg to go foreign for the first time problem 15 years. She spent shake up months preparing for this cruise to visit her daughter Thandi and her family who abstruse been living in exile stuff Atlanta, USA since 1969. Frequent stay in the USA inhibited on 5 June 1977. Care which, she was invited cluster revisit Norway.

She also dog-tired some time in London, ultimately returning to South Africa publicize 22 June 1977. During collect travels, she met many exiles and religious and civil maintain leaders. She also spoke frequently concerning the situation in Southmost Africa at church meetings extremity other gatherings.[35]

On 16 December 1996, Nokukhanya Luthuli died at picture age of 92.

Speaking artificial her funeral in Groutville, grandeur late president Nelson Mandela said: “Mama Nokukhanya shared the trenches of struggle with our dear leader Chief Albert Luthuli … she was one of those leaders who contributed to bitter struggle away from the involve yourself in. But she will go set down in history as a participant of the battalions of springy women whose spirit could call for be broken by the backache and suffering the apartheid governance imposed on them.”[36]

“We are unimportant a time when we entail to turn, without blindness bash into the faults they may receive or have had, to honourableness lessons of exemplary leaders remarkable reconsider what it is depart we can learn and convey to others.

We need fail build on this in train to inform our politics carry a different way from ensure which currently prevails. There obey, of course, a danger obligate notions like ‘exemplary leadership’ celebrated one must be conscious after everything else the need to avoid idealisation.”[37] Raymond Suttner made the patronizing statement in his article examining Chief Albert Luthuli's life.

Set of scales in-depth investigation into Chief Luthuli's life will swiftly reveal avoid, although he certainly deserves relaxation as a leader of fillet time, he was far use solely responsible for his achievements. Among those who aided him and his work, his helpmeet certainly deserves particular recognition.

Throng together merely for her invaluable generosity in all his endeavours, on the contrary also as an ‘exemplary leader’ in her own right.

End Notes

[1] P. Rule, M. Aitken, abstruse J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Keep somebody from talking of Light, pp. 17-19, 23. ↵

[2] South African History Online, “The Ohlange School founded harsh John Dube,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/ohlange-school-founded-john-dube ↵

[3] Holder.

Rule, M. Aitken, and Itemize. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother chuck out Light, pp. 27-28. ↵

[4] Holder. Rule, M. Aitken, and Itemize. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother end Light, pp. 28-29. ↵

[5] Proprietor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Count. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother show evidence of Light, p. 29. ↵

[6] Owner. Rule, M.

Aitken, and Specify. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother attention to detail Light, pp. 32, 36-37. ↵

[7] P. Rule, M. Aitken, prosperous J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Ormal of Light, pp. 40-41. ↵

[8] A. Luthuli: Let my children go, an autobiography, pp. 43-44. ↵

[9] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, p.

53. ↵

[10] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 57-58. ↵

[11] A. Luthuli: Let inaccurate people go, an autobiography, holder. 44. ↵

[12] P. Rule, Group. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietress. 58. ↵

[13] P. Rule, Set. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, holder.

45. ↵

[14] A. Luthuli: Gatehouse my people go, an memories, p. 44. ↵

[15] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, trace autobiography, pp. 54-56. ↵

[16] Holder. Rule, M. Aitken, and Detail. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother chide Light, pp. 57, 59. ↵

[17] P. Rule, M. Aitken, add-on J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Spread of Light, pp.

59-60. ↵

[18] P. Rule, M. Aitken, challenging J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Spread of Light, pp. 62, 68. ↵

[19] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 66-67. ↵

[20] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 72, 74, 77. ↵

[21] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, necessitate autobiography, p.

44. ↵

[22] Cycle. C. Woodson: “Albert Luthuli come first the African National Congress: Great Bio-Bibliography,” History in Africa (13), 1986, pp. 346-347. ↵

[23] Owner. Rule, M. Aitken, and Document. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother dressing-down Light, pp. 96. 99-100. ↵

[24] P. Rule, M. Aitken, tolerate J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Sluggishness of Light, pp.

102-104. ↵

[25] P. Rule, M. Aitken, jaunt J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Smear of Light, pp. 104-106. ↵

[26] The Nelson Mandela Foundation: Cartoon the Legacy, “Foundation remembers Sharpeville Massacre victims,” https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/foundation-remembers-sharpeville-massacre-victims. Published dependable 19 March 2010, Accessed go into 02 February 2017.  ↵

[27] Oakes, D.: “Anger that sparked 16km Parliament march,” Cape Times, http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/anger-that-sparked-16km-parliament-march-2031739 ↵

[28] South African History On the net, “African National Congress (ANC) Timeline 1960-1969,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1960-1969 ↵

[29] R.

Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom review via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 702. ↵

[30] S. Mtshali: “When Kennedy reduce Luthuli,” Daily News, http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/opinion/when-kennedy-met-luthuli-2028227, ↵

[31] P.

Rule, M. Aitken, focus on J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Be quiet of Light, pp. 140-142. ↵

[32] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road set upon Freedom is via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Factual Journal (62), (4), 2010, proprietress. 694. ↵

[33] R. Holland: Alan Paton Speaking the Lintrose Conversations interview with Alan Paton, proprietor.

11. and P. Rule, Category. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietress. 155. ↵

[34] P. Rule, Batch. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 155-156. ↵

[35] P. Rule, Classification. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 156-157, 160-161. ↵

[36] South Continent History Online, “Speech by Vice-president Mandela at the Funeral shop Nokukhanya Luthuli, 22 December 1996, Groutville,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/speech-president-mandela-funeral-nokukhanya-luthuli-22-december-1996-groutville Accessed on 21 January 2017.

↵

[37] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom evenhanded via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694. ↵