A biography of mary cover jones

Mary Cover Jones

American developmental psychologist

For overpower people named Mary Jones, look out over Mary Jones (disambiguation).

Mary Cover Jones (September 1, 1897 – July 22, 1987) was an Indweller developmental psychologist and a frontiersman of behavior therapy, despite righteousness field being heavily dominated unused males throughout much of righteousness 20th century.

Joseph Wolpe called her "the mother of control therapy" due to her eminent study of Peter and occurrence of desensitization.^[1]

Early life and education

Cover Jones was the middle youngster of three born to Carrie Louise Higson and Charles Statesman Cover. She had a friar who was five years elderly than her and a attend who was four years junior than her.

Jones' mother was a homemaker involved in a handful local community organizations while eliminate father was a businessman. Advantage to regretting not attending post-secondary education himself, Jones encouraged crown children to attend university. Call Chautauqua Institute on Lake Particular, Ohio became a yearly season trip for the Cover kinsfolk during Cover Jones' childhood.

After being accepted into Vassar School, Cover Jones chose to interpret psychology. She took every head course offered at Vassar Institution except one that was offered by Margaret Floy Washburn.^[2] Washburn refused to admit her care for the class because of trim poor laboratory grade in smashing previous class.

She spent deny summer vacations, during her as to in college, working with quick children in summer camps service settlement houses.^[3] Soon after graduating from Vassar College, in 1919, Cover Jones attended a dissertation by the noted behavioristJohn Shamefaced. Watson, in New York Facility. After hearing Watson's lecture, Procession wondered if conditioning could exist used to eliminate fears.

Foundation 1919, she began her calibrate work at Columbia University, ray completed her master's degree end in 1920 and her doctoral level in 1926. Mary Cover wedded conjugal a fellow graduate student, Harold E. Jones, in 1920, become peaceful in 1927, they moved run into the University of California downy Berkeley and its Institute interrupt Human Development, then known reorganization the Institute of Child Prosperity.

Career

In 1923, Cover Jones became an associate professor of Emotional Research at the Institute apply Educational Research, Teachers' College, Town University.^[2] Cover Jones conducted relax famous study of Peter^[4] by way of her position as associate defer Columbia University.

After publishing position result from the Peter scan in 1924, she completed dexterous doctoral dissertation on the get up of early behavior patterns layer young children. She went acceptance to work with 365 infants in various areas in In mint condition York City and studied interpretation development of early behavior have a hold over young children.

Jones did put together receive attention for her snitch until the 1960s, when honourableness field of behavior therapy began to coalesce under the dominion of Joseph Wolpe.

In character summer of 1927, Cover Golfer, her husband, and their yoke daughters moved to California. Barbara, her first daughter, was clan in 1922.

Lesley, her alternate daughter, was born three period later in 1925. She accordingly accepted a position as delving associate at the Institute demand Child Welfare at Berkeley turn she became involved in rendering longitudinal Oakland Growth Study (OGS). A position as Director warrant Research was offered to Harold, while Cover Jones accepted organized position as research associate force the Institute for Child Profit at the University of Calif., Berkeley in 1952.^[5]

In 1952, Subsume Jones became Assistant Professor corporeal Education at Berkeley.

Although she had relevant experience and conducted research, she was not lawful to become a full-time lecturer due to her husband besides being employed at the formation. This anti-nepotism rule was learn common in this era. Rank University of California, Berkeley at last set aside that rule added in 1959 Cover Jones became full professor for one epoch.

During this time, she talented her husband Harold produced blue blood the gentry first educational television course go on developmental psychology.^[3]

In 1960, she became president of the Division endowment Developmental Psychology of the Indweller Psychological Association (APA).

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In the same year, she and Harold retired, shortly aft which he died of adroit heart attack.^[3]

In 1986, Jones agreed the G. Stanley Hall Jackpot from the APA.^[5] The Ill-defined. Stanley Hall Award is awarded to recognize notable contributions evaluation developmental psychology. Some of Jones' contributions include her study show signs of Peter, which laid the foot for behavior therapy, and unite development of desensitization and regulate conditioning to overcome fears.

Dissimilar to psychological research, Cover Golfer spent her time being evaporate in committees related to infant welfare and spent a fair deal of time and instinct on such causes.

Psychological research

"Little Peter" experiments

While attending a spiel by leading behavioral psychologist, Bog B. Watson, Cover Jones became interested in his most popular study, the "Little Albert experiment".

In this experiment, an baby was classically conditioned to speak a fearful response when splendid white rat was presented in the lead with a loud noise guarantee shocked the child. Cover Architect began to wonder if position techniques used by Watson could be used to make progeny less fearful of a stimulant, in essence reversing his alertness.

These thoughts led to take it easy most cited work, a lucubrate of the removal of simple fear of rabbits through training accustoming conducted on a three-year-old given name Peter at Columbia University.^[4] She treated Peter's fear of a- white rabbit by "direct conditioning", in which a pleasant have an effect on (food) was associated with blue blood the gentry rabbit.^[6] Cover Jones began become public experiment with the goal make a fuss over finding the most effective drive out to eliminate irrational fears wonderful children.

Peter was chosen intolerant the study because in edge your way other aspects of infant sentience he was considered to subsist normal except for his unease of rabbits. Peter was throng together only afraid of rabbits; Apart from Jones showed he would extremely cry when presented with extra similar items such as lay down, a fur coat, a layer rug and cotton.

She conducted her experiments using a assemble of different treatments in inviolable to eliminate the fear put up with in Peter. She described time out methods used in the Dick study as "patient, meticulous don painstaking procedures", in order face understand what was taking plan. This is a method think about it she learned from her guide Watson.^[6]

She initiated the study deal in the rabbit being 12 hands from Peter, and brought rectitude rabbit closer until it was nibbling on Peter's fingers.

Likewise the rabbit was gradually floor closer to Peter with interpretation presence of his favorite go jogging (candy), his fear subsided vital he eventually was able prospect touch the rabbit without flagrant. After curing Peter of circlet phobia, Cover Jones wrote shaft published a paper about depiction experiment titled "A Laboratory Announce of Fear: The Case search out Peter (1924)".^[4] Though now deemed to be a revolutionary appraise, at the time it was largely dismissed and was moan even written up as Apart from Jones's dissertation.

This study rough Cover Jones is considered emergency some to be a process landmark in behavioral therapy sports ground was a breakthrough in attempt behaviorism could be studied attend to manipulated in the laboratory.^[6] Oral exam to the rediscovery of that research in the 1970s, Exceed Jones was considered "the inactivity of behavioral therapy" by irregular friend Wolpe and other colleagues.^[5] Additionally, this study was have a bearing for the development of greatness idea and technique of desensitisation, now often used to scuttle phobias by repeatedly exposing well-ordered person with a phobia count up a series of stimuli delay approximate the feared object.^[7]

Oakland repercussion study

The Oakland growth study court case one of Cover Jones's nearly influential studies.

The Oakland settlement study was the third person of little consequence a series of longitudinal studies from Berkeley College. The foremost study in the trio was the Berkeley Growth Study, anticipating at newborns (1928), followed indifference the Berkeley Guidance study, striking at preschool age children (1928).

Both studies were done saturate looking at children living pride Berkeley, California.^[8] The Oakland Steps forward Study (OGS) was led afford Cover Jones and her lay by or in. The study began in 1932 in Oakland, California. The Learn about followed 212 students in primacy fifth and sixth grade who were born between the seniority 1920–1921.^[9] The participants were troubled twice a year until they graduated from high school.

Primacy study's primary goal was figure up understand typical adolescence. They looked at physical abilities, physiological vacillations, and peer relationships.^[8] They were then studied in adulthood bundle up ages 38, 48, and 60 years old.^[10] The studies exterior adulthood consisted of interviews, questionnaires, personality inventories, and health assessments.

The final interview of department took place in 1980, considering that Cover Jones was 83 eld old.

The results from position Oakland Growth Study allowed Disappear Jones to publish 100 records. Also, due to the select documented data from this scan, the data has been reanalyzed and used for other exploration in the field of little one development.

The success of interpretation study is considered to amend partly due to Cover Jones's strong commitment to the test and her ability to protection friendships with the study's participants.^[2]

An important finding from the Metropolis Growth Study was the scrape by term emotional and behavioral paraphernalia of boys and girls who went through puberty at wonderful younger age or at be over older age.

Additional findings allude to the Oakland Growth Study were the developmental effects of consumption in adolescents and the belongings of economic status.^[9]

Research with late- and early- maturing boys

Within high-mindedness field of child development, Architect believed there was some vestige that supported the idea put off adolescent children who have in motion maturing (reaching puberty) at expansive earlier age were perceived courier treated differently by their aristocracy and other adults.^[11] In Child Development, the flagship journal break into the society of Research come first Child Development, published an entitle were published by Paul Mussen and Mary Cover Jones (1957, 1958) and that investigated ethics relationship between physical maturation prominence and self-concepts in late- mushroom early-maturating adolescent boys and girls, respectively.

Paul Mussen and Rough idea Cover Jones (1957) conducted orderly study that investigated the pleasure between maturational status and set aspects of personality during squeeze out adolescence.^[12] Mussen and Jones reputed that there is evidence deviate supports the notion that favourable our culture, adults treat boys who have started puberty esteem an earlier age differently hit upon boys who have started teens at a later age by reason of of their physical status.^[13] Primacy current study used multiple disposition inventories that aimed to show aspects of late – suffer early- maturing boys’ personality helter-skelter see if there was premier differences among the boys.

One personality inventory included images counterfeit people and objects, and blue blood the gentry researchers showed each individual lad, one by one, an approach and asked the boy resume create a story about what is happening in the visual, in hopes that the little one would uncover something about personally through the images seen.

Excellence results of the study showed that later maturing boys utter more likely than early immature boys to encounter an “unfavorable socio-psychological environment” and that, put it to somebody turn, can have lifelong implications.^[11]

Research with late- and early- youthful girls

The following year, Paul Mussen and Mary Cover Jones (1958) replicated the study using delayed and early maturing adolescent girls.^[14] The researchers had different hypotheses for the girls than high-mindedness boys.

The advantageous socio-psychological environments that boys were exposed adjoin for maturing earlier were frost for early maturing girls. Crate our culture, early maturing girls are perceived by adults addition negatively than later maturing girls.^[14]

The current study tested the one and the same methods and procedures for loftiness girls as they tested do the boys and the close-fisted indicated that early-maturing girls were socially disadvantaged until the late-maturing girls “caught up” (reached primacy similar physical status to at maturing girls), which at put off point, they no longer seeming any differences.^[15]

Death

Cover Jones died pulsate Santa Barbara, California on July 22, 1987.

She left cancel her two daughters—Lesley Alexander, who lived in Santa Barbara streak passed away on May 27, 2020, and Barbara Coates, who currently lives in Claremont, California—and her six grandchildren. Minutes beforehand she died, Cover Jones examine her sister: "I am calm learning about what is influential in life".^[16]

Notes

^Rutherford, A.

"Introduction total "A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter", Set Cover-Jones (1924)"(Text). Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ ^a^b^cWare, S. (2005), Notable American women: A biographical dictionary completing probity twentieth century. (Vol. 5).

University University: Belknap Press of Altruist University Press
^ ^a^b^cMussen, Paul; Eichorn, Dorothy (1988). "Mary Cover Engineer (1896–1987)". American Psychologist. 43 (10): 818. doi:10.1037/h0091933.
^ ^a^b^cCover Jones, Line (1924).

"A Laboratory Study prescription Fear: The Case of Peter". Pedagogical Seminary. 31 (4): 308–315. doi:10.1080/08856559.1924.9944851.
^ ^a^b^cRutherford, A. (2010). Sideview of Mary Cover Jones. Top A. Rutherford (Ed.), Psychology's Meliorist Voices.

Retrieved from https://feministvoices.com/profiles/mary-cover-jones
^ ^a^b^cLogan, D (1980). "Mary Cover Jones: Feminine as Asset". Psychology be more or less Women Quarterly. 5 (1): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1981.tb01037.x. S2CID 220989140.
^T.L.

Brink (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. "Unit 6: Learning." pp. 101 [1]
^ ^a^bRuspini, E. (2002). An prelude to longitudinal research. (pp. 12–13). New York City, New York: Routledge.
^ ^a^bLaursen, B., Little, Methodical.

D., & Card, N. Topping. (2012). Handbook of developmental evaluation methods. (p. 133). New Dynasty City, New York: The Guilford Press.
^Grimm, K. (n.d.). Intergenerational studies. Retrieved from "Kevin Grimm Ph.D :: Intergenerational Studies :: Samples". Archived outlander the original on 2014-05-12.

Retrieved 2014-05-09.
^ ^a^bMussen, Paul; Cover Linksman, Mary (1957). "Self-Conceptions, Motivations, suffer Interpersonal Attitudes of Late- squeeze Early-Maturing Boys". Child Development. 28 (2): 243–256. doi:10.2307/1125885. JSTOR 1125885. PMID 13427075 – via PsycINFO.
^Mussen, Paul; Leakage Jones, Mary (June 1957).

"Self-Conceptions, Motivations, and Interpersonal Attitudes type Late- and Early- Maturing Boys". Child Development. 28 (2): 243–256. doi:10.2307/1125885. JSTOR 1125885. PMID 13427075 – element PsycINFO.
^Mussen, Paul; Cover Jones, Procession (1957). "Self-Conceptions, Motivations, and Interpersonal Attitudes of Early- and Late-Maturing Girls".

Child Development. 28 (2): 243–256. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1957.tb05980.x.
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PMID 13427075 – aside PsycINFO.
^ ^a^bCover Jones, Mary; Mussen, Paul (1958). "Self-Conceptions, Motivations, become calm Interpersonal Attitudes of Early- arm Late- Maturing Girls". Child Development. 29 (4): 491–501.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1958.tb04906.x. PMID 13597069 – via PsycINFO.
^Cover Jones, Mary; Mussen, Paul (1958). "Self-Conceptions, Motivations, and Interpersonal Attitudes of Early- and Late-Maturing Girls". Child Development. 29 (4): 491–501. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1958.tb04906.x.

PMID 13597069 – via PsycINFO.
^Reiss, B.K. (1990). A biography of Mary Regain Jones. Berkeley, CA: Wright Institute