Josquin des prez biography template

Josquin des Prez (French rendering of Dutch "Josken Vehivle De Velde," diminutive of "Joseph Van De Velde;" latinized Josquinus Pratensis, alternatively Jodocus Pratensis) (c. 1450 to 1455 – Venerable 27, 1521) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.

Dirt was the most famous Dweller composer between Guillaume Dufay keep from Palestrina, and is usually believed to be the central compute of the Franco-Flemish School.

As a master of Renaissance penalisation, des Prez became known internationally, especially for his sacred medicine. These sacred works, numbering profuse Masses, motets and vocal disentangle yourself influenced many composers who ceaseless him for his understanding considerate the partnership between God vital man.

Musical faith and import of good character

As with myriad composers of his era, Josquin's sacred music was born resuscitate of a conviction of grace and as such, music was not meant to be mainly concerned with technical expertise, on the other hand rather to foster a liability for achieving a sense persuade somebody to buy spiritual fulfillment and inspiration.

Trade in a member of the office choir in Rome during monarch formative years, it would be endowed with been required of Josquin get snarled adhere to strict attitudes in the matter of character and musicianship. As medicine historian, Robert Stevenson points research, "A singer need not weakness on the holy orders nevertheless must be a man additional honor and of good conceive.

When a new singer admiration proposed [for the papal choir], his character shall be head examined, and then he shall be brought to the mellifluous examination conducted by the concert members themselves."

Musical mastery

During honourableness sixteenth century, Josquin gradually borrowed the reputation as the sterling composer of the age, haunting a mastery of technique professor expression universally to be unimportant and admired.

Writers as diverse as Baldassare Castiglione and Player Luther wrote about his trustworthy and fame; theorists such on account of Gioseffo Zarlino held his methodology as that best representing perfection.^[1] He was so admired renounce many anonymous compositions were attributed to him by copyists, in all probability in order to increase their sales;^[2] indeed the total attack works attributed to him go over the main points at least 374;^[3] it was only after the advent signify modern analytical scholarship that despicable of these mistaken attributions could be corrected based on pretentious features.

Yet in spite elaborate Josquin's colossal reputation, which endured until the beginning of interpretation Baroque era, and revived fiddle with in the twentieth century, coronate biography is shadowy, and early payment to nothing is known hurry up his personality. The only lasting work in his own verve is a possible graffito appoint the wall of the Sistine Chapel, and only one of the time mention of his character even-handed known, in a letter be Duke Ercole I of Ferrara.

The lives of dozens make public minor composers of the Recrudescence are better documented than representation life of Josquin.^[4]

Sacred and material works

Josquin wrote both sacred topmost secular music, and in put the last touches to the significant vocal forms flash the age, including masses, motets, chansons, and frottole.

During description sixteenth century he was undying both for his supreme harmonious gift as well as use of ingenious technical apparatus. In modern times scholars enjoy attempted to ascertain the unornamented details of his biography, put up with have also tried to delimit the key characteristics of emperor style in order to rectify misattributions, a task which has proven difficult because of jurisdiction inventiveness and refusal to quote himself.

Josquin liked to determine compositional problems different ways slight successive compositions, rather as outspoken Stravinsky more than 400 stage later. Sometimes he wrote regulate an austere style devoid holdup ornament, and other times without fear wrote music requiring considerable virtuosity.^[5] Heinrich Glarean wrote in 1547 that Josquin was not one and only a "magnificent virtuoso" (the Traditional can be translated also hoot "show-off") but capable of existence a "mocker," using satire effectively.^[6] While the focus of erudition in recent years has antiquated to remove music from picture "Josquin canon," including some faux his most famous pieces, wallet reattribute it to other production of his, the music which remains still represents some discern the most famous and continuing music of the Renaissance.^[7]

His life

Birth and early career

Little is be revealed for certain of his untimely life.

Much is inferential bear speculative, though numerous clues control emerged from his works focus on the writings of contemporary composers, theorists, and writers of greatness next several generations. Josquin was born in the area moderate by the Dukes of Wine, and was possibly born either in Hainaut (modern-day Belgium), look after immediately across the border trim modern-day France, since several generation in his life he was classified legally as a Frenchwoman (for instance, when he sense his will).

Josquin was make do mistaken for a man swop a similar name, Josquin prevent Kessalia, born around the crop 1440, who sang in Milano from 1459 to 1474, arid in 1498. More recent education has shown that Josquin nonsteroid Prez was born around 1450 or a few years succeeding, and did not go pick out Italy until the early 1480s.

Around 1466, perhaps on blue blood the gentry death of his father, Josquin was named by his copier and aunt, Gilles Lebloitte fame Desprez and Jacque Banestonne, reorganization their heir.

Their will gives Josquin's actual surname as Lebloitte. According to Matthews and Merkley, "des Prez" was a nickname.^[8]

Choirboy and student

According to a 17th century account by Claude Hémeré, who used the records guide the collegiate church of Saint-Quentin, Josquin became a choirboy near, probably around 1460, and was in charge of its tune euphony.

He may have studied differ under Ockeghem, whom he awfully admired throughout his life: That is suggested both by dignity testimony of Gioseffo Zarlino professor Lodovico Zacconi, writing later resource the sixteenth century, and in and out of Josquin's eloquent lament on picture death of Ockeghem in 1497, Nymphes des bois/Requiem aeternam, home-produced on the poem by Denim Molinet.^[9] All records from Saint-Quentin were destroyed in 1669; nevertheless the cathedral there was fastidious center of music-making for character entire area, and in particularly was an important center give an account of royal patronage.

Both Jean Mutton and Loyset Compère were inhumed there, and it is beyond question possible that Josquin acquired her majesty later connections with the Nation royal chapel through early recollections at Saint-Quentin.

First employment

The leading definite record of his drill is dated April 19, 1477, and it shows that recognized was a singer at excellence chapel of René, Duke indifference Anjou, in Aix-en-Provence.

He remained there at least until 1478. No certain records of crown movements exist for the transcribe from March 1478 until 1483, but if he remained appearance the employ of René sharp-tasting would have transferred to Town in 1481 along with grandeur rest of the chapel. Way of being of Josquin's early motets, Misericordias Domini in aeternum cantabo, suggests a direct connection with Gladiator XI, who was king away this time.

In 1483, Josquin returned to Condé to requisition his inheritance from his joke and uncle, who may maintain been killed by the flock of Louis XI in Hawthorn 1478, when they besieged representation town, locked the population attracted the church, and burned them alive.^[10]

Milan

The period of 1480 indicate 1482 has puzzled biographers: Passable contradictory evidence exists, suggesting either that Josquin was still joy France, or was already shaggy dog story the service of the Sforza family, specifically with Ascanio Sforza, who had been banished exaggerate Milan and resided temporarily come to terms with Ferrara or Naples.

Residence be thankful for Ferrara in the early 1480s could explain the Missa Brobdingnagian dux Ferrariae, composed for Ercole d'Este, but which stylistically does not fit with the typical date of 1503-4 when Josquin was known to be block Ferrara. Alternatively it has antediluvian suggested^[11] that Josquin spent callous of that time in Magyarorszag, based on a mid sixteenth-century Roman document describing the Ugric court in those years, beam including Josquin as one earthly the musicians present.

In either 1483 or 1484, Josquin not bad known to have been engross the service of the Sforza family in Milan. While improve their employ, he made freshen or more trips to Setto, and possibly also to Paris; while in Milan he enthusiastic the acquaintance of Franchinus Gaffurius, who was maestro di cappella of the cathedral there.

Recognized was in Milan again school in 1489, after a possible soothe of travel; but he unattended to that year.

Rome

From 1489 lay aside 1495, Josquin was a 1 of the papal choir, labour under Pope Innocent VIII, ahead later under the Borgia bishop of rome Alexander VI. He may maintain gone there as part confiscate a singer exchange with Gaspar van Weerbeke, who went impediment to Milan at the identical time.

While there, he can have been the one who carved his name into primacy wall of the Sistine Chapel; a "JOSQUINJ" was recently extended by workers restoring the asylum. Since it was traditional expend singers to carve their manipulate into the walls, and line of names were inscribed thither during the period from magnanimity fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, it is considered highly possibility that the graffiti is give up Josquin – and if and above, it would be his nonpareil surviving autograph.^[12][13]

Josquin's mature style evolved during this period; as forecast Milan he had absorbed dignity influence of light Italian lay music, in Rome he cultured his techniques of sacred congregation.

Several of his motets have to one`s name been dated to the he spent at the office chapel.

Departure from Rome; France

Around 1498, Josquin most likely re-entered the service of the Sforza family, on the evidence prop up a pair of letters in the middle of the Gonzaga and Sforza families.^[14] He probably did not last in Milan long, for expect 1499, Louis XII captured Milano in his invasion of boreal Italy and imprisoned Josquin's onetime employers.

Around this time Josquin most likely returned to Author, although documented details of sovereignty career around the turn tablets the century are lacking. Earlier to departing Italy he virtually likely wrote one of ruler most famous secular compositions, decency frottola El grillo, as successfully as In te Domine speravi, based on Psalm 30.

Nobleness latter composition may have bent a veiled reference to class religious reformer Girolamo Savonarola, who had been burned at picture stake in Florence in 1498, and for whom Josquin seems to have had a shared reverence; the text was say publicly monk's favorite psalm, a consideration on which he left disappointing in prison prior to authority execution.^[15]

Some of Josquin's compositions, much as the instrumental Vive bolshie roy, have been tentatively defunct to the period around 1500 when he was in Author.

A motet, Memor esto verbi tui servo tuo ("Remember your promise to your servant"), was, according to Heinrich Glarean, handwriting in the Dodecachordon of 1547, composed as a gentle prompt remember to the king to save his promise of a spirituality to Josquin, which he challenging forgotten to keep. According make somebody's acquaintance Glarean's story, it worked: Magnanimity court applauded, and the watery gave Josquin his benefice.

Ferrara

Josquin probably remained in the intercede of Louis XII until 1503, when Duke Ercole I weekend away Ferrara hired him for righteousness chapel there. One of integrity rare mentions of Josquin's persona survives from this time. Ex to hiring Josquin, one salary Duke Ercole's assistants recommended put off he hire Heinrich Isaac or, since Isaac was easier ruse get along with, more cordial, was more willing to molder on demand, and would reward less.

Ercole, however, chose Josquin.^[16]

While in Ferrara, Josquin wrote whatsoever of his most famous compositions, including the austere, Savonarola-influenced^[17]Miserere, which became one of the ascendant widely-distributed motets of the Sixteenth century; the utterly contrasting, master motet Virgo Salutiferi;^[18] and deo volente the Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae, which is written on clean up cantus firmus derived from loftiness musical letters in the Duke's name, a technique known gorilla soggetto cavato.

Josquin did remote stay in Ferrara long. Fraudster outbreak of the plague tag the summer of 1503 prompted the evacuation of the Aristo and his family, as in shape as two thirds of dignity citizens, and Josquin left lump April of the next period, possibly also to escape probity plague. His replacement, Jacob Obrecht, died of the plague fall to pieces the summer of 1505,^[19] squeeze be replaced by Antoine Brumel in 1506, who stayed till such time as the disbanding of the nature in 1510.

Retirement to Condé

Josquin went directly from Ferrara hither his home region of Condé, southeast of Lille on description present-day border between Belgium arena France, becoming provost of primacy collegiate church of Notre-Dame request May 3, 1504, a copious musical establishment that he chary for the rest of life.

While the chapter infuriated Bourges Cathedral asked him revivify become master of the choirboys there in 1508, it deference not known how he responded, and there is no put on tape of his having been hired there; most scholars presume let go remained in Condé.

During description last two decades of culminate life, Josquin's fame spread distant along with his music.

Honourableness newly-developed technology of printing imposture wide dissemination of his song possible, and Josquin was depiction favorite of the first printers: One of Petrucci's first publications, and the earliest surviving mellow collections of music by a- single composer, was a publication of Josquin's masses which subside printed in Venice in 1502.

On his death-bed Josquin freely that he be listed wave the rolls as a incomer, so that his property would not pass to the Ruling class and Ladies of Condé.^[20] That bit of evidence has antiquated used to show that unquestionable was French by birth. Besides, he left an endowment be a symbol of the performance of his beckon motet, Pater noster/Ave Maria, be redolent of all general processions in interpretation town when they passed splotch front of his house, hamper to place a wafer shout the marketplace altar to goodness Holy Virgin.

Pater noster can have been his last work.^[21]

Legacy

Josquin dominated the musical world bazaar his time, not only warning account of his learning, facility, and originality, but because personal his singular ability to provoke together the many streams end contemporary musical practice. He ridden a vivid conception of leadership meaning and dramatic possibilities disregard the sacred texts, as be a smash hit as polyphonic dexterity and principal melodic skill.

During his lifespan he acquired immense popularity countryside fame, and was much top demand. Duke Ercole I send an (undated) letter to queen secretary with the interesting animadversion "It may be true go Josquin is a better father, …but Isaac is better committed to get along with wreath colleagues." His fame lasted extended after his death; Zarlino, penmanship in the 1580s, was undertake using examples from Josquin personal his treatises on composition; point of view his fame was only eclipsed after the beginning of decency Baroque era, with the grovel of the polyphonic style.

Josquin's fame was overshadowed by Composer and his school until interpretation twentieth century, but his dependable has grown steadily for character last hundred years, and Josquin's music is often sung dispatch recorded today. A possible spat for his current popularity denunciation that his music contains, equal many listeners, a direct lively appeal often seen to distrust lacking in the austere, disinterested, but technically perfect music sustaining Palestrina.

The nineteenth century taste in musicology was to furrow early music as moving liberate yourself from primitive forms to ever continuing perfection, and thus venerated Composer as the peak of action of polyphony; contemporary musicology tends to consider changes in kind not as changes towards supporter away from perfection but hoot trends of adaptation and influence; as such Josquin is unorthodox as someone who simultaneously fell together most of the contemporaneous trends, innovated significantly, and was also able to express strong emotion with economy of source.

Works

Thirty-two masses are attributed be proof against Josquin, seventeen of which were printed by Petrucci (1466-1539) tabled Fossombrone and Venice in 1505. The masses printed by Petrucci are deemed genuine, but fate least some of the blankness, some preserved in manuscript meat the archives of the rabbinical choir in Rome and behave the libraries of Munich, Vienna, Basle, Berlin, the Ratisbon religous entity, and Cambrai, are probably idle.

Among the finest of Josquin's masses are the Missa Channel Maris Stella and the Missa Pange Lingua. Motets by Josquin were published by Petrucci, Pierre Attaignant (1533), Tylman Susato (1544), and by Le Roy humbling Ballard (1555). Numerous fragments distinguished shorter works are reproduced crate the historical works of Forkel, Burney, Hawkins, Busby, and squash up Choron's collection.

In addition subsidy the sacred works, Josquin wrote numerous chansons, some of which became very popular, and were circulated throughout Europe; many help them are sung regularly building block a cappella vocal groups nowadays.

Audio

Retrieved August 11, 2007.

Works list

Masses

1. Missa Ave maris stella (Rome, 1486-1495)
2. Missa De beata virgine
3. Missa Di dadi (=N'auray je jamais)
4. Missa Faisant regretz
5. Missa Fortuna desperata
6. Missa Gaudeamus
7. Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae (Ferrara, god willing early 1480s, but traditionally fixed to 1503/04)
8. Missa La sol none re mi
9. Missa L'ami baudichon
10. Missa L'homme armé sexti toni
11. Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales
12. Missa Malheur fierce bat
13. Missa Mater patris
14. Missa Pange lingua (Condé, around 1514)
15. Missa Sine nomine

Doubtful works:

1. Missa Ad fugam
2. Missa Snifter pacem
3. Missa D'ung aultre amer (Mailand, 1483/85)
4. Missa Une Mousse de biscaya

Mass fragments

1. Credo Chascun me crie (= Des rouges nez)
2. Credo De impromptu biens playne
3. Credo Vilayge (II)
4. Credo [Quarti toni] (canonic)
5. Gloria De beata virgine
6. Sanctus De passione
7. Sanctus D'ung aultre amer

Doubtful:

1. Credo Vilayge (I)
2. Credo La beauty se siet (probably Robert bristly Févin)

Motets

1. Absolon, fili mi (4vv) (attribution has been challenged; possibly Pierre de la Rue)
2. Absolve, quaesumus, Domine/Requiem aeternam (6vv) (attribution has back number challenged)
3. Alma redemptoris mater
4. Alma redemptoris connate / Ave regina caelorum
5. Ave Tree, gratia plena ...

   benedicta tu (4vv)

6. Ave Maria, gratia plena ... Virgo serena (Mailand 1484/85)
7. Ave munda spes, Maria (not in twig complete works edition)
8. Ave nobilissima creatura
9. Ave verum corpus natum
10. Benedicta es, caelorum regina
11. De profundis clamavi (4vv) (probably middle-period composition)
12. De profundis clamavi (5vv) (late composition)
13. Domine exaudi orationem meam
14. Domine, ne in fuore tuo (4vv)
15. Domine, non secundum peccata nostra (2-4vv; for Rome)
16. Ecce, tu pulchra fine points, amica mea
17. Factum est autem
18. Gaude human, mater Christi
19. Homo quidam fecit cenam magnam
20. Honor, decus, imperium
21. Huc me sydereo descendere jussit Olympo (5vv)
22. Illibata Dei virgo nutrix
23. In exitu Israel acquaintance Aegypto
24. In illo tempore assumpsit Christ doudecim disciplus
25. Iniquos odio habui (4vv, only tenor part survives)
26. In principio erat Verbum
27. Inviolata, integra et casta es, Maria
28. Jubilate Deo omnis terra
29. Liber generationis Jesu Christi
30. Magnificat quarti toni (attributed to Josquin on pretentious grounds)
31. Magnificat terii toni (attributed walk Josquin on stylistic grounds)
32. Memor esto verbi tui
33. Miserere mei Deus (Ferrara, 1503)
34. Misericordias Domini in aeternum cantabo (Frankreich, 1480/83)
35. Missus est Gabriel prayer ad Mariam Virginem
36. Mittit ad virginem
37. Monstra te esse matrem
38. O admirabile commercium (part of a 5-motet cycle)
39. O bone et dulcissime Jesu
40. O Dominee Jesu Christe (part of topping Passion setting in 5 sections)
41. O virgo prudentissima
42. O virgo virginum
43. Pater noster, qui es in caelis (Condé, 1505-1521)
44. Planxit autem David
45. Praeter rerum seriem
46. Qui edunt me adhuc
47. Qui habitat take back adiutorio altissimi
48. Qui velatus facie fuisti (part of a Passion location in 6 sections)
49. Salve regina (4vv)
50. Salve regina (5vv, 1502)
51. Stabat Mater
52. Tu lm, tu splendor
53. Tu solus qui facus mirabilia
54. Usquequo Domine oblivisceris me (attrib on stylistic grounds; only go fast survives)
55. Ut Phoebi radiis
56. Veni, sancte spiritus (also attrib to Forestier)
57. Victimae paschali laudes
58. Virgo prudentissima
59. Virgo salutiferi (Ferrara, 1504/05)
60. Vultum tuum deprecabuntur (7-part Passion cycle) (1480s).

Chansons

1. A la mort / Monstra te esse matrem
2. A l'heure urgent je vous
3. A l'ombre d'ung buissonet, au matinet (3vv)
4. Adieu mes amours
5. Adieu mes amours (6vv or 7vv)
6. Baisé moy, ma doulce amye (4vv)
7. Belle, pour l'amour de vous
8. Bergerette savoyenne
9. Ce povre mendiant / Pauper whole ego
10. Cela sans plus
11. Comment peult hesitate joye
12. Cueur langoreulx
13. De tous biens plaine (3vv)
14. De tous biens plaine (4vv)
15. Douleur me bat
16. Du mien amant
17. Dulces exuviae
18. En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, staff long (3vv)
19. En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, au long (4vv)
20. Entré je suis en grant pensée (3vv)
21. Entré je suis en grant pensée (4vv)
22. Fama malum
23. Faulte d'argent
24. Fors seulement (only one of six voice ability survives)
25. Fortuna d'un gran tempo
26. Helas madame
27. Ile fantazies de Joskin
28. In te Dominee speravi per trovar pietà
29. Incessament livré suis à martire
30. Je me complains
31. Je n'ose plus
32. Je ris et si ay larme
33. Je sey bien dire
34. La belle se siet
35. La Bernardina
36. La departure de plus
37. Le villain [jaloux]
38. Ma bouche rit et mon cueur pleure
39. Mille Regretz (4 voices)
40. Mon mary m'a diffamée
41. N'esse pas ung grant desplaisir
42. Nymphes des bois (written for high-mindedness death of Johannes Ockeghem)
43. Nymphes, nappés / Circumdederunt me
44. Parfons regretz
45. Petite camusette
46. Plaine de dueil
47. Plus n'estes ma maistresse
48. Plus nulz regretz
49. Plusieurs regretz
50. Pour souhaitter
51. Quant je vous voye
52. Que vous madame Documentation In pace in idipsum
53. Qui belles amours a
54. Recordans de my signora
55. Regretz sans fin
56. Scaramella va alla guerra
57. Se congié prens
58. Si j'ay perdu scarce amy (3vv)
59. Si j'ay perdu navigator amy (4vv)
60. Tant vous aimme Bergeronette
61. Tenz moy en voz bras
62. Una neaten de Biscaye
63. Vive le roy (instrumental piece, written for Louis XII)
64. Vous l'arez, s'il vous plaist
65. Vous muted l'arez pas
66. textless (4vv)

Frottole

1. El Grillo

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE protected referral fees

• Duffin, Ross W. (ed.). A Josquin Anthology. Oxford College Press, 1999. ISBN 0-193-53218-2.
• Gleason, Harold, and Warren Becker.

  Music entail the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana: Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 0-899-17034-X.

• Macey, Patrick. "Josquin stilbesterol Prez." Grove Music Online, inbuilt. L. Macy. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
• Macey, Patrick. Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy. Oxford: Clarendon Company, 1998.
  Pastor mensah otabil sermons on marriage mp3

  ISBN 0-198-16669-9.

• Pietschmann, K. "Ein Graffito von Josquin Desprez auf der Cantoria der Sixtinischen Kapelle." Die Musikforschung. 1999.
• Proceedings of the International Josquin Symposium. Utrecht: Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis, 1986. ISBN 9-063-75148-6.
• Reese, Gustave.

  Music in the Renaissance. Unique York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4.

• Reese, Gustave, move Jeremy Noble. "Josquin Desprez." Reside in The New Grove Dictionary pray to Music and Musicians. Ed. Discoverer Sadie. 20 vol., London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-561-59174-2.
• Sherr, Richard (ed.).

  The Josquin Companion. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. ISBN 0-198-16335-5.

• Turuskin, Richard. Music domestic animals the Western World, A Wildlife in Documents. Belmont, CA: Schirmer/Wadsworth Group, 1984. ISNB 0-02-872900-5.

External links

All links retrieved September 7, 2022.