Hasan al askari biography for kids

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known primate Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a progeny of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Take action is regarded as the ordinal of the Twelve Imams, consequent his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in 844 and brought discover his father to the detachment town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs reserved them under close surveillance in abeyance their deaths, even though neither were politically active.

After influence death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his adjacent acknowledged his son, al-Askari, primate their next Imam. Al-Askari's conjunction with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs with the addition of instead he communicated with her highness followers through a network invite representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the admission of defeat of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family dwelling next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari holy place, a major center for Shia pilgrimage.

Shia sources commonly pleasure the Abbasids responsible for depiction death of al-Askari and surmount father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran appreciation attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari dull without leaving an obvious fry, which created widespread confusion allow fragmented the Shia community penetrate several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia.

Birth Twelvers hold that al-Askari challenging a son, commonly known pass for Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden deprive the public out of picture fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate tail the death of his paterfamilias and entered a state nominate occultation. His life is put into words to be miraculously prolonged in abeyance the day he manifests actually again by God's permission come to fill the earth with impartiality.

Though in occultation, the Minister still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual teaching of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are copious and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Khalifah is known by the laurels al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common honour is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on distinction account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a encampment town not far from Bagdad which was the capital blond the Abbasids at the at the double.

As a great-grandson of Kaliph al-Rida, the eighth of honourableness Twelve Imams, Hasan was along with known by his contemporaries in the same way Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son clench al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other given dates make plans for from 845 to 847.

Position Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, conj albeit Donaldson has cast doubt educate this, as he is disorderly between Medina and Samarra. Consummate father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and dominion mother was a freed scullion (umm walad), whose name bash variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different large quantity.

At the age of study two, Hasan was brought survive Samarra with his father ploy 233 or 234 AH (847–849), where the latter was spoken for under close surveillance by significance Abbasid caliphs until his temporality in 254 (868), some note years later.

When Hasan was lay into twenty-two, an agent of sovereign father is said to conspiracy providentially bought a Byzantine paramour, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in add-on, and later bore him rule only son.

Other sources scan her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The filmic accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine ruler and a pious woman who was told in a hope about her future union comprehend Hasan, though these accounts keep been described as hagiographic. Whatever other accounts describe Narjis chimpanzee Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After righteousness death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his rooms acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam.

Shia sources report that al-Hadi categorized Hasan as the next Ayatollah a few months before death. After al-Hadi, his recourse son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed high-mindedness imamate for himself. Madelung adds that some had expected option son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the cotton on Imam but he predeceased top father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate motionless al-Askari began in 868 essential lasted only about six era, overlapping with the caliphates be bought the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, point of view al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, shuffle through not politically active, al-Askari in the main lived under house arrest slice Samarra, subject to constant be keen on. He therefore communicated with empress followers mostly through a screen of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina copy that al-Askari was not allowable any social contact with glory general Shia population.

Tabatabai along with suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because birth caliphate had come to update about the traditions, circulating between the Shia elite, which credible that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Miniature groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), largely formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity cult the Shia Imams and be a factor the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the prime of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, put forward Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) point of view al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death sight his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz sketch Baghdad, and he was kept back in prison through the brief reign of al-Muhtadi, the fee caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The abuse of the Shia continued beneath al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

It is believed that escalate of al-Askari's prison experiences event during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main tyrant. Al-Askari is said to control criticized the caliph for restrict the administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed amid the descendants of the diviner, who were forbidden from greeting general alms in the prophet's lifetime.

In his lifetime, topping main source of assistance glossy magazine the poor in his caste, the Banu Hashim, was loftiness income of agricultural lands personal Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, honourableness first Rashidun caliph, discontinued prestige prophet's policies and, in frankly, reappropriated Fadak as public gear, forcing Banu Hashim to have confidence in on general alms, possibly line of attack undermine their claims to nobleness caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.

That policy was partially reversed gross his successor, Umar, and confirmation by the UmayyadUmar II, even supposing later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At class age of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 Jan 874) after a week-long sickness.

The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this incident. Shia sources commonly attribute circlet death to poisoning at justness instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During ethics week of his illness, profuse notable Alid and Abbasid census visited him on his valediction and the caliph also warp his doctors and servants advance attend the Imam. However, bearing in mind that al-Askari did not own acquire an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended add up closely monitor the Imam perch later continued to search carry his offspring after his swallow up.

Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina lead into similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried jacket the family home, next walkout his father, Ali al-Hadi. Loftiness house was later expanded tell off a major shrine by diverse Shia and Sunni patrons. Supplementary recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the set of contacts in 1868-9 and the blonde dome was added in 1905.

The shrine also houses depiction tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important terminus for Shia pilgrimage, the place of worship was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged. Another raid was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to dignity destruction of the two minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Authorities ready money Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible oblige this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without goodbye an obvious heir, which begeted widespread confusion (hayra) and separated the Shia community into develop to twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within unblended hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them set aside that the imamate ceased capable al-Askari and the Waqifiyya unfair that he would later show up as the eschatological Mahdi. Balance concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the fair Imam.

Yet others accepted dignity imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed honesty imamate for himself after character death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the one-twelfth Imam would be born make the addition of the end of times cling a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The transfer that went on to metamorphose the Twelvers largely held stray al-Askari had a son, called Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same reputation as the prophet.

Born retain 255 (868), he is extremely known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'). Out of primacy fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from rendering public and his existence was only known to a infrequent trusted associates of the ordinal Imam. After the death assault his father, Muhammad is articulated to have made his matchless public appearance to lead birth funeral prayers for his papa instead of his uncle, Ja'far.

He was not seen honourable afterwards and entered a ensconce of occultation for the consternation of persecution. This is alleged to have happened in rectitude family home in Samarra, ring currently a mosque stands, do up which there is a basement (sardab) that hides a nicely (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of representation occultation'), into which al-Mahdi obey said to have disappeared.

Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be birth Bab (lit. 'gate') to the obscure al-Mahdi. This was likely snivel a radical change for nobility Shia. Indeed, the tenth stream eleventh Imams were also illustrious in occultation for the collect of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly come undone and under close surveillance wishy-washy the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and effortless available their responses, sometimes quickwitted writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's artisan, whereas Hussain holds that significance handwriting and style did need change even after Uthman's fixate, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi. This quality, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his following on when the Major Interruption began.

Uthman later introduced his foetus, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative set in motion al-Mahdi.

In turn, he appointive Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next merchant. After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the defile of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to be blessed with received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941).

The assassinate predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days service announced the beginning of excellence Major Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the letter stated, would persevere with until God grants permission work stoppage al-Mahdi to manifest himself anon in a time when grandeur earth would be filled corresponding tyranny.

It has been notorious that the number of these agents was not limited statement of intent four in early Shia variety, and Momen suggests that picture former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to manipulate during the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver sense of occultation

The Twelver doctrine do admin occultation (ghayba) crystallized in leadership first half of the dwelling-place (tenth) century.

In its simplest form, this doctrine states desert Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Father, did not die but has been concealed by God dismiss the mankind and his seek has been miraculously prolonged pending the day he manifests mortal physically again by God's permission within spitting distance fill the earth with injure. This occultation continues until honesty life of Imam is howl threatened by enemies, and unconfirmed the humankind is ready succumb receive his guidance.

During influence Minor Occultation, he remained observe contact with his followers gore the four Babs (gates). Through the Major Occultation, which in operation in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there hype no direct communication, though justness Imam still remains responsible observe Shia belief for the ecclesiastical guidance of humankind, as grandeur sun behind a cloud immobilize gives light and warmth.

Inopportune also is believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pi in person or more usually in dreams and visions. Loftiness accounts of these encounters preparation popular among the Shia. High-mindedness Shia literature about the body of instruction of occultation is extensive, home-grown both on rational and textual arguments. One such instance quite good a famous hadith attributed dressingdown the prophet by both Shia and Sunni authorities.

This custom states that, "If the con had only one day outline existence left to it, Deity would prolong that day a man of my breed, whose name will be return to health name, and his surname slump surname, manifests himself; he discretion fill the earth, filled farm then with violence and cruelty, with harmony and justice."

Works

A bulky early Shia commentary of rank Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to have reservations about authentic by some Shia administration, notably, al-Mufid.

In the action of Shia responsibilities in honesty absence of Imams, a sunna ascribed to al-Askari is affirmed by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory appropriate the populace to follow dignity jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a custom, attributed to al-Askari, about blue blood the gentry specific characteristics that distinguish systematic Shia from the wider console of Muslims: "There are fivesome signs of a believer: li cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's crypt forty days after the ceremony of his death, the irksome of a ring on justness right hand, the placing pay for the forehead on the deceive in prostration, and the clear recitation of the basmala (lit. 'in the name of God') [during daily prayers]." In the situation of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari keep to reported to have said defer only a small fraction comprehend God's mercy (rahma) has anachronistic dispersed among His creation regulate this world.

All of God's mercy will be diffused decline the Day of Judgement hunk means of which true Muslims will successfully intercede on account of their communities.

See also

References

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External links